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Seorsumuscardinus
''Seorsumuscardinus'' is a genus of fossil dormice from the early Miocene of Europe. It is known from zone MN 4 (see MN zonation) in Oberdorf, Austria; Karydia, Greece; and Tägernaustrasse-Jona, Switzerland, and from zone MN 5 in a single site at Affalterbach, Germany. The MN 4 records are placed in the species ''S. alpinus'' and the sole MN 5 record is classified as the species ''S. bolligeri''. The latter was placed in a separate genus, ''Heissigia'', when it was first described in 2007, but it was reclassified as a second species of ''Seorsumuscardinus'' in 2009.
The two species of ''Seorsumuscardinus'' are known from isolated teeth, which show that they were medium-sized dormice with flat teeth. The teeth are all characterized by long transverse crests coupled with shorter ones. One of these crests, the anterotropid, distinguishes the two species, as it is present in the lower molars of ''S. alpinus'', but not in those of ''S. bolligeri''. Another crest, the centroloph, reaches the outer margin of the first upper molar in ''S. bolligeri'', but not in ''S. alpinus''. ''Seorsumuscardinus'' may be related to ''Muscardinus'', the genus of the living hazel dormouse, which appears at about the same time, and the older ''Glirudinus''.
==Taxonomy==
In 1992, Thomas Bolliger described some teeth of ''Seorsumuscardinus'' from the Swiss locality of Tägernaustrasse (MN 4; early Miocene, see MN zonation) as an indeterminate dormouse (family Gliridae) perhaps related to ''Eomuscardinus''.〔Bolliger, 1992, p. 129〕 Six years later, Hans de Bruijn named the new genus and species ''Seorsumuscardinus alpinus'' on the basis of material from Oberdorf in Austria (also MN 4) and included fossils from Tägernaustrasse and from Karydia in Greece (MN 4) in ''Seorsumuscardinus''.〔De Bruijn, 1998, pp. 111–113; Prieto, 2009, pp. 377, 379; Doukas, 2003, table 2〕 In 2007, Jerome Prieto and Madeleine Böhme named ''Heissigia bolligeri'' as a new genus and species from Affalterbach in Bavaria (MN 5, younger than MN 4), and referred the Tägernaustrasse material to it, but failed to compare their new genus to ''Seorsumuscardinus''.〔Prieto and Böhme, 2007, pp. 303, 305; Prieto, 2009, p. 377〕 Two years later, Prieto published a note to compare the two and concluded that they were referable to the same genus, but different species. Thus, the genus ''Seorsumuscardinus'' now includes the species ''Seorsumuscardinus alpinus'' from MN 4 and ''S. bolligeri'' from MN 5. Prieto provisionally placed the Tägernaustrasse material with ''S. alpinus''.〔Prieto, 2009, p. 378〕 He also mentioned ''Pentaglis földváry'', a name given to a single upper molar from the middle Miocene of Hungary, which is now lost. Although the specimen shows some similarities with ''Seorsumuscardinus'', published illustrations are too poor to confirm the identity of ''Pentaglis'', and Prieto considered the latter name to be an unidentifiable ''nomen dubium''.〔Prieto, 2009, p. 379〕
Because of its derived and specialized morphology, the relationships of ''Seorsumuscardinus'' are obscure. However, it shows some similarities with ''Muscardinus'', a genus which includes the living hazel dormouse, and may share a common ancestor with it, such as the earlier fossil genus ''Glirudinus''.〔Prieto and Böhme, 2007, p. 306; Prieto, 2009, p. 378〕 All three are part of the dormouse family, which includes many extinct forms dating back to the early Eocene (around 50 million years ago), as well as a smaller array of living species.〔McKenna and Bell, 1997, pp. 174–178〕 The generic name ''Seorsumuscardinus'' combines the Latin ''seorsum'', which means "different", with ''Muscardinus'' and the specific name ''alpinus'' refers to the occurrence of ''S. alpinus'' close to the Alps. ''Heissigia'' honored paleontologist Kurt Heissig for his work in Bavaria on the occasion of his 65th birthday〔Prieto and Böhme, 2007, p. 302〕 and ''bolligeri'' honors Thomas Bolliger for his early description of material of this dormouse.〔Prieto and Böhme, 2007, p. 303〕
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